Investing terms can often feel confusing, especially for beginners. This glossary is designed to give you clear, simple definitions of the most important concepts in fundamental investing so you can understand how markets work and make better financial decisions.
Fundamental investing focuses on analyzing businesses based on their financial performance, competitive advantage, and long-term value. To do that effectively, you need to understand the language investors use—from basic terms like assets and cash flow to more advanced concepts like return on invested capital (ROIC) and discounted cash flow (DCF).
In this investing glossary, each term is explained in plain language with a focus on real-world understanding—not technical jargon. Whenever possible, definitions are connected to broader investing concepts so you can see how each idea fits into the bigger picture.
You’ll learn key terms related to:
Financial statements and accounting concepts
Business analysis and valuation methods
Stock market fundamentals and investment strategies
Risk, return, and long-term decision-making
If you’re just getting started, this glossary is the perfect place to build your foundation. If you’re already learning, it will help reinforce and clarify the concepts that matter most.
Start with our complete guide: What Is Fundamental Investing
Then explore deeper topics in Investing Basics and Business Analysis
A corporate bond is a debt security issued by a company to borrow money from investors. In exchange, the company generally promises to make interest payments and repay the bond’s principal, or face value, at maturity. When investors buy corporate bonds, they become creditors of the company rather than owners. Unlike common shareholders, bondholders do
A junk bond is a bond with a credit rating below investment grade, meaning the issuer is considered to have greater credit and default risk than an investment-grade borrower. The term junk bond is an informal name for what the fixed-income market more commonly calls a high-yield bond or speculative-grade bond. These bonds generally offer
A high-yield bond is a bond with a credit rating below investment grade, meaning the issuer is considered to have greater credit risk than an investment-grade borrower. High-yield bonds are also commonly called speculative-grade bonds or junk bonds. They generally offer higher yields than investment-grade bonds because investors require additional compensation for the greater risk
An investment-grade bond is a bond issued by a government, corporation, or other borrower that receives a relatively high credit rating, indicating that rating agencies consider the issuer to have a comparatively strong ability to meet its debt obligations. For corporate bonds, investment-grade ratings generally begin at BBB− or higher from S&P Global Ratings and
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A convertible bond is a corporate bond that can be converted into a specified number of shares of the issuing company’s common stock under terms established when the bond is issued. Convertible bonds combine characteristics of debt and equity. Like traditional bonds, they generally pay interest and have a maturity date. But they also give
A callable bond is a bond that gives the issuer the right to redeem, or “call,” the bond before its scheduled maturity date according to terms specified when the bond is issued. Companies often include call provisions so they can refinance debt if interest rates fall. For investors, this creates call risk because a bond
Convexity is a bond risk measure that describes the curvature in the relationship between a bond’s price and its yield. Duration provides a first-order estimate of how much a bond’s price may change when yields move. Convexity improves that estimate by accounting for the fact that bond prices do not move in a perfectly straight
Modified duration is a bond risk measure that estimates how much a bond’s price will change, in percentage terms, for a small change in its yield. It is one of the most practical measures of interest-rate risk in fixed-income investing. For example, a bond with a modified duration of 6 would be expected to fall
Bond duration is a measure of how sensitive a bond’s price is to changes in interest rates. It also reflects the weighted average timing of the bond’s expected cash flows. In practical investing, duration is commonly used to estimate how much a bond’s price may rise or fall when market yields change. A bond with
Current yield is a bond’s annual coupon income divided by its current market price. It measures the income an investor receives from a bond relative to the price paid today. Unlike the coupon rate, which is based on face value, current yield changes when the bond’s market price changes. In fixed-income investing, current yield provides
